Zika Virus: Largely Asymptomatic but Closely Resembling Dengue Fever

Recently, the Zika virus has made headlines again after infecting five people in Pune, Maharashtra. Health experts are emphasizing that while the virus is mostly asymptomatic, it can often present symptoms that closely mimic those of dengue fever.

Understanding Zika Virus

The Zika virus is primarily transmitted through the bite of an Aedes mosquito, the same vector responsible for spreading dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever. These mosquitoes are known to be most active during the daytime, which increases the risk of transmission.

Symptoms and Severity

In adults, Zika virus disease (ZVD) is generally considered mild to moderate. Common symptoms include:

Mild fever

Rashes

Headache

Muscle and joint pain

Inflammation of the underside of the eyelid

These symptoms typically last between 2 to 7 days. However, it’s important to note that approximately 80% of Zika cases are asymptomatic, meaning many people may carry the virus without showing any signs. This makes it challenging to estimate the true prevalence of the disease accurately.

Dr. Suruchi Mandrekar from Manipal Hospital in Pune explains that symptomatic cases often resemble dengue fever. Patients may experience fever, red eyes, joint pain, headache, and a maculopapular rash. The similarity in symptoms can make it difficult to distinguish between the two illnesses without proper testing.

Factors Contributing to the Spread

Dr. Digvijay Adke from DPU Super Specialty Hospital in Pune highlights several factors contributing to the rise in Zika virus cases. Sudden weather changes, poor drainage systems leading to stagnant water, and inadequate personal hygiene practices are key contributors. These conditions create ideal breeding grounds for mosquitoes, thereby increasing the risk of virus transmission.

Risks During Pregnancy and Other Complications

One of the most significant concerns with Zika virus infection is its impact on pregnant women. Dr. Suruchi notes that Zika can cause severe complications in pregnancy, including microcephaly and other brain malformations in babies. This has raised global alarm and underscores the importance of preventive measures.

In adults, Zika has been linked to Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS), a condition that affects the nervous system. The virus can impact Schwann cells, which are crucial for the development and function of peripheral nerves associated with movement, breathing, heartbeat, and digestion.

Prevention Strategies

Given the absence of a vaccine for Zika, prevention focuses on reducing mosquito bites and practicing safe sex to avoid sexual transmission. Key preventive measures include:

Using insect repellent

Wearing clothing that covers most of the body

Sleeping under mosquito nets

Eliminating standing water where mosquitoes can breed

Dr. Digvijay also advises maintaining good hygiene, such as regular handwashing and avoiding undercooked food from unhygienic sources. A balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables can strengthen the immune system, helping the body fight vector-borne diseases like Zika.

Verdict

While the Zika virus poses a significant health risk, particularly for pregnant women, awareness and preventive measures can go a long way in mitigating its impact. Health experts emphasize the importance of reducing mosquito habitats and adopting good personal hygiene practices to curb the spread of the virus. With no specific treatment or vaccine currently available, prevention remains the most effective strategy against Zika.